Mel Thomspon has made his A-level Religion and Science textbook available online and free of charge here. Very kind of him, I'm sure you'll agree.
It includes chapters on the origins of the universe, evolution, free will, and miracles, besides others on the history of science and the scientific method.
Religion and Science sells for £70 on Amazon, so getting it for free is like me paying you £70 to read a book, right?
Mel's website is also worth a visit, and contains summary notes for a range of A-level topics.
H/T: The Facebook Campaign to Improve AQA Philosophy.
I came up with the following simple thought experiment that I used
with my year 12s today:
Imagine that you are
walking home one evening when you notice a fire in your neighbour’s house. Do
you have any moral responsibility to try put the fire out (or at least call the
fire brigade)?
Assuming that your
answer is yes, is your duty to your neighbour or to the house itself?
The next day you are
talking a walk along a nearby canal bank when you see your neighbour’s dog: it
has evidently fallen into the canal and is unable to get out again. It is still
swimming but seems exhausted and in danger of drowning. Do you have any moral
responsibility to try to rescue the dog (or at least call the RSPCA)?
If your answer is yes,
then once again: is your duty to your neighbour or to the dog itself?
The aim of this particular thought experiment was to illustrate
the concept of moral status, and particularly how it might (or might not) apply
to animals. Adapting a definition found here:
Moral status means that a
particular thing matters for its own sake,
so that we must pay attention to its interests when we consider actions that
might affect it.
Moral status is different from moral goodness. Some beings
may act in a morally good way, some may act immorally, and others may be
incapable of moral action (e.g. new-born babies), but deserving consideration
in others' moral reasoning is different from acting morally oneself.
When a thing has moral status, we may not act toward it in
any way we please, disregarding its well-being, preferences, or continued
existence. We owe some moral obligations to that being itself. As moral agents
(beings capable of doing right or wrong), we must care to some degree about
what it wants or needs, or simply what it is; this imposes some limitations on
how we may act toward it.
In the first scenario, of the neighbour’s burning house, most people would agree that we have some duty to act, by trying to put the fire out or dialling 999. They would, however, be motivated not by any sense of duty towards the house itself, but instead by concern for the house’s occupant, because their life may be at risk, or because of the distress and difficulty they would suffer if they lost their home in a fire. Houses therefore, and I would say all inanimate objects, have no moral status. If we do consider such things in our actions, it is only because of their relationship to some being that does have moral status (in this case, our neighbour).
In the second scenario, of the neighbour’s dog, if you would not act to try to save the dog, or your action to save the dog was motivated only by a desire to save your neighbour from distress caused by losing the dog or the financial inconvenience or buying a new one, I think that you would agree that animals have no moral status. Dogs, you would say, deserve no more consideration for their own sake than inanimate objects.
However, I suspect that most people would act to try to save the dog. Furthermore, I'd say that in acting, most people would be primarily thinking about the dog (recognising that it might be distressed or its life in danger) rather than the dog’s owner. That is, they would see their duty as being to the dog, not to some other being.
If so, I think you’d have to conclude that animals do have a moral status. Of course this doesn’t tell us whether the moral status of animals is the same as or different to that of humans, but I’d argue that it would be morally inconsistent to rescue the dog in the above scenario, but then act as if animals have no moral status in ethical questions such as the use of animals for food, entertainment, or medical experiments.
My year 12s seemed to mostly agree with this line of reasoning, but as always I’d be interested to hear any feedback. How would you respond in the house and dog scenarios and why? Or do you think there are problems with the though experiment or the conclusions I’ve drawn from it?
